Generales

3 de Mayo, Día Mundial de la Libertad de Prensa

“La libertad de prensa es equivalente al termómetro de la democracia. Ante mayor libertad de prensa, mayor democracia”, dice Juan Camilo Hernández, director de Programa de Comunicación Social y Periodismo, al definir el cuarto poder del Estado (el periodismo), luego del Ejecutivo, el Legislativo y el Judicial.

A su vez, Javier Osuna, profesor del Departamento de Periodismo de la Facultad de Comunicación, afirma: “El periodismo es una de las herramientas más importantes para que la ciudadanía verifique la transparencia del trabajo de los gobiernos en una democracia”.

Sin embargo, y aunque es considerado un derecho fundamental en el artículo 20 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, el periodismo ha sido históricamente vulnerado y amenazado en Colombia.

Así, en la clasificación de Reporteros sin Fronteras que lista la libertad de prensa en el mundo, Colombia se encuentra en el puesto 130, entre 180, y hace parte de la categoría ‘Situación difícil’.

Según la Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP), solo en el 2020 se produjeron 125 violaciones a la libertad de expresión, con 172 víctimas.

Pero, eso es solo una muestra de la marca histórica colombiana. El profesor Hernández cita un breve recuento histórico de los principales aspectos que vulneraron la libertad de prensa en las últimas décadas:

Años 50: a pesar del movimiento iniciado por Guillermo Cano y apoyado por el Círculo de Periodistas de Bogotá y la Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa, el general Gustavo Pinilla cerró y clausuró varios medios de comunicación cuando asumió la Presidencia de Colombia.

Frente Nacional (1958-1974): durante este atípico acontecimiento en la política colombiana, los partidos políticos se adueñaron de los medios de comunicación.

De los 80 a los 90: en esta época marcada por la violencia proveniente del narcotráfico, los carteles también vieron como un obstáculo a los periodistas que les hacían frente con las denuncias públicas. Literalmente, bombardearon los medios de comunicación y asesinaron y secuestraron a muchos periodistas por ejercer su labor.

De los 90 a los años 2000: las bandas al margen de la ley, las guerrillas y los paramilitares presionaron a los periodistas mediante el miedo. Todavía son frecuentes los secuestros a periodistas y las regiones rurales son muy vulnerables para el desarrollo libre de la prensa.

Actualidad: las presiones a la prensa son de otro estilo: una presión más inteligente y menos evidente. Algunas formas de abuso contra el periodismo son las “chuzadas”, el espionaje ilegal, las extrañas judicializaciones, las interceptaciones y la “autocensura” por intereses financieros.

Por esto, Osuna expresa: “Estas vulneraciones a la libertad de expresión explican el nacimiento de portales independientes”, afirmando también que es un gran momento para emprender en periodismo.

Por su parte, Hernández cierra diciendo: “El ejercicio libre de cada uno de los derechos de los colombianos está en que existan medios de comunicación y en que los periodistas puedan informar libremente.  […] Cuando callan a un medio de comunicación, es una oportunidad menos que tiene el ciudadano de enterarse de la verdad y tomar decisiones con libertad”.

Tomado de : unisabana.edu.co

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